Chemistry Cathode Electrolyte Nominal voltage Open-circuit voltage Wh/kg Wh/dm3
Li-MnO2 (Li-Mn, "CR") Heat-treated manganese dioxide Lithium perchlorate in propylene carbonate and dimethoxyethane 3 V 3.3 V 280 580
The a lot of accepted customer brand battery, about 80% of the lithium array market. Uses bargain materials. Acceptable for low-drain, long-life, bargain applications. Top activity body per both accumulation and volume. Can bear top beating currents. Wide temperature range. With acquittal the centralized impedance rises and the terminal voltage decreases. Best temperature bound to about 60 °C. Top self-discharge at top temperatures.
Li-SOCl2 Thionyl chloride Lithium tetrachloroaluminate in thionyl chloride 3.5 V 3.65 V 500 1200
Liquid cathode. For low temperature applications. Can accomplish down to −55 °C, area it retains over 50% of its rated capacity. Negligible bulk of gas generated in nominal use, bound bulk beneath abuse. Has almost top centralized impedance and bound circumlocute current. Top activity density, about 500 Wh/kg. Toxic. Electrolyte reacts with water. Low-current beef acclimated for carriageable electronics and anamnesis backup. High-current beef acclimated in aggressive applications. In continued accumulator forms passivation band on anode, which may advance to acting voltage adjournment if put into service. Top bulk and assurance apropos absolute use in noncombatant applications. Can backfire if shorted. Underwriters Laboratories crave accomplished artisan for advancement of these batteries. Chancy waste, Class 9 Hazmat shipment.6
Li-SOCl2,BrCl, Li-BCX Thionyl chloride with bromine chloride Lithium tetrachloroaluminate in thionyl chloride 3.7-3.8 V 3.9 V 350 770
Liquid cathode. A alternative of the thionyl chloride battery, with 300 mV college voltage. The college voltage drops aback to 3.5 V anon as the bromine chloride gets captivated during the aboriginal 10-20% of discharge. The beef with added bromine chloride are anticipation to be safer if abused.
Li-SO2Cl2 Sulfuryl chloride 3.7 3.95 330 720
Liquid cathode. Similar to thionyl chloride. Acquittal does not aftereffect in accretion of basal sulfur, which is anticipation to be circuitous in some chancy reactions, accordingly sulfuryl chloride batteries may be safer. Commercial deployment hindered by addiction of the electrolyte to bite the lithium anodes, abbreviation the shelf life. Chlorine is added to some beef to accomplish them added aggressive to abuse. Sulfuryl chloride beef accord beneath best accepted than thionyl chloride ones, due to animosity of the carbon cathode. Sulfuryl chloride reacts berserk with water, absolution hydrogen chloride and sulfuric acid.7
Li-SO2 Sulfur dioxide on teflon-bonded carbon Lithium boiler in sulfur dioxide with baby bulk of acetonitrile 2.85 V 3.0 V 250 400
Liquid cathode. Can accomplish down to −55 °C and up to +70 °C. Contains aqueous SO2 at top pressure. Requires assurance vent, can backfire in some conditions. Top activity density. Top cost. At low temperatures and top currents performs bigger than Li-MnO2. Toxic. Acetonitrile forms lithium cyanide, and can anatomy hydrogen cyanide in top temperatures.8 Acclimated in aggressive applications.
Addition of bromine monochloride can addition the voltage to 3.9 V and access activity density.9
Li-(CF)x ("BR") Carbon monofluoride Lithium tetrafluoroborate in propylene carbonate, dimethoxyethane, and/or gamma-butyrolactone 2.8 V 3.1 V 360 680
Cathode actual formed by high-temperature intercalation of fluorine gas into graphite powder. Top activity body (250 Wh/kg), 7 year shelf life. Acclimated for low to abstinent accepted applications in anamnesis and alarm advancement batteries. Very acceptable assurance record. Acclimated in aerospace applications, able for amplitude back 1976. Acclimated in aggressive applications both earthbound and marine, and in missiles. Also acclimated in cardiac pacemakers.10 Best temperature 85 °C. Very low self-discharge (<0.5%/year at 60 °C, <1%/yr at 85 °C). Developed in 1970s by Matsushita.11
Li-I2 Iodine solid amoebic allegation alteration circuitous (poly-2-vinylpyridine, P2VP) 2.8 V 3.1 V
Solid electrolyte. Very top reliability. Acclimated in medical applications. Does not accomplish gas even beneath abbreviate circuit. Solid-state chemistry, bound circumlocute current, acceptable alone for low-current applications. Terminal voltage decreases with amount of acquittal due to precipitation of lithium iodide. Low self-discharge.
Li-Ag2CrO4 Silver chromate Lithium perchlorate band-aid 3.1/2.6 V 3.45 V
Very top reliability. Has a 2.6 V plateau afterwards extensive assertive allotment of discharge, provides aboriginal admonishing of approaching discharge. Developed accurately for medical applications, for example, built-in pacemakers.
Li-Ag2V4O11, Li-SVO, Li-CSVO Silver oxide+vanadium pentoxide (SVO) lithium hexafluorophosphate or lithium hexafluoroarsenate in propylene carbonate with dimethoxyethane
Used in medical applications, like implantable defibrillators, neurostimulators, and biologic beverage systems. Also projected for use in added electronics, such as emergency locator transmitters. Top activity density. Continued shelf life. Capable of connected operation at nominal temperature of 37 °C.12 Two-stage acquittal with a plateau. Output voltage abbreviating proportionally to the amount of discharge. Aggressive to abuse.
Addition of copper(II) oxide to the cathode actual after-effects in the Li-CSVO variant.
Li-CuO Copper(II) oxide Lithium Perchlorate attenuated in Dioxolane 1.5 V 2.4 V
Can accomplish up to 150 °C. Developed as a advancement of zinc-carbon and acrid batteries. "Voltage up" problem, top aberration amid open-circuit and nominal voltage. Produced until mid-1990s, replaced by lithium-iron sulfide. Accepted use limited.
Li-Cu4O(PO4)2 Copper oxyphosphate
See Li-CuO
Li-CuS Copper sulfide 1.5 V
Li-PbCuS Lead sulfide and chestnut sulfide 1.5 V 2.2 V
Li-FeS Iron sulfide Propylene carbonate, dioxolane, dimethoxyethane 1.5-1.2 V
"Lithium-iron", "Li/Fe". acclimated as a advancement for acrid batteries. See lithium — adamant disulfide.
Li-FeS2 Iron disulfide Propylene carbonate, dioxolane, dimethoxyethane 1.6-1.4 V 1.8 V 297
"Lithium-iron", "Li/Fe". Acclimated in Energizer lithium beef as a advancement for acrid zinc-manganese chemistry. Called "voltage-compatible" lithiums. 2.5 times college lifetime for top accepted acquittal administration than acrid batteries, bigger accumulator activity due to lower self-discharge, 10 years accumulator time. FeS2 is cheap. Cathode generally advised as a adhesive of adamant sulfide crumb alloyed with delicate graphite. Alternative is Li-CuFeS2.
Li-FePO4 3.3 V 90–110
Rechargeable. See Lithium adamant phosphate battery.
Li-Bi2Pb2O5 Lead bismuthate 1.5 V 1.8 V
Replacement of silver-oxide batteries, with college activity density, lower addiction to leak, and bigger achievement at college temperatures.
Li-Bi2O3 Bismuth trioxide 1.5 V 2.04 V
Li-V2O5 Vanadium pentoxide 3.3/2.4 V 3.4 V 120/260 300/660
Two acquittal plateaus. Low-pressure. Rechargeable. Acclimated in assets batteries.
Li-CoO2 Cobalt dioxide
Li-CuCl2 Copper chloride
Rechargeable.
Li/Al-MnO2 Manganese dioxide
Rechargeable.
Li/Al-V2O5 Vanadium pentoxide
Rechargeable.
Li-ion carbon liquid 3.6-3.7 V
Rechargeable. See lithium ion battery.
Li-poly polymer solid 3.7 V
Rechargeable. See lithium ion polymer battery.
Li–air porous carbon organic, aqueous, glass-ceramic (polymer-ceramic composites)
Rechargeable. See Lithium–air battery.
The aqueous amoebic electrolyte is a band-aid of an ion-forming asleep lithium admixture in a admixture of a high-permittivity bread-and-butter (propylene carbonate) and a low-viscosity bread-and-butter (dimethoxyethane).
Li-MnO2 (Li-Mn, "CR") Heat-treated manganese dioxide Lithium perchlorate in propylene carbonate and dimethoxyethane 3 V 3.3 V 280 580
The a lot of accepted customer brand battery, about 80% of the lithium array market. Uses bargain materials. Acceptable for low-drain, long-life, bargain applications. Top activity body per both accumulation and volume. Can bear top beating currents. Wide temperature range. With acquittal the centralized impedance rises and the terminal voltage decreases. Best temperature bound to about 60 °C. Top self-discharge at top temperatures.
Li-SOCl2 Thionyl chloride Lithium tetrachloroaluminate in thionyl chloride 3.5 V 3.65 V 500 1200
Liquid cathode. For low temperature applications. Can accomplish down to −55 °C, area it retains over 50% of its rated capacity. Negligible bulk of gas generated in nominal use, bound bulk beneath abuse. Has almost top centralized impedance and bound circumlocute current. Top activity density, about 500 Wh/kg. Toxic. Electrolyte reacts with water. Low-current beef acclimated for carriageable electronics and anamnesis backup. High-current beef acclimated in aggressive applications. In continued accumulator forms passivation band on anode, which may advance to acting voltage adjournment if put into service. Top bulk and assurance apropos absolute use in noncombatant applications. Can backfire if shorted. Underwriters Laboratories crave accomplished artisan for advancement of these batteries. Chancy waste, Class 9 Hazmat shipment.6
Li-SOCl2,BrCl, Li-BCX Thionyl chloride with bromine chloride Lithium tetrachloroaluminate in thionyl chloride 3.7-3.8 V 3.9 V 350 770
Liquid cathode. A alternative of the thionyl chloride battery, with 300 mV college voltage. The college voltage drops aback to 3.5 V anon as the bromine chloride gets captivated during the aboriginal 10-20% of discharge. The beef with added bromine chloride are anticipation to be safer if abused.
Li-SO2Cl2 Sulfuryl chloride 3.7 3.95 330 720
Liquid cathode. Similar to thionyl chloride. Acquittal does not aftereffect in accretion of basal sulfur, which is anticipation to be circuitous in some chancy reactions, accordingly sulfuryl chloride batteries may be safer. Commercial deployment hindered by addiction of the electrolyte to bite the lithium anodes, abbreviation the shelf life. Chlorine is added to some beef to accomplish them added aggressive to abuse. Sulfuryl chloride beef accord beneath best accepted than thionyl chloride ones, due to animosity of the carbon cathode. Sulfuryl chloride reacts berserk with water, absolution hydrogen chloride and sulfuric acid.7
Li-SO2 Sulfur dioxide on teflon-bonded carbon Lithium boiler in sulfur dioxide with baby bulk of acetonitrile 2.85 V 3.0 V 250 400
Liquid cathode. Can accomplish down to −55 °C and up to +70 °C. Contains aqueous SO2 at top pressure. Requires assurance vent, can backfire in some conditions. Top activity density. Top cost. At low temperatures and top currents performs bigger than Li-MnO2. Toxic. Acetonitrile forms lithium cyanide, and can anatomy hydrogen cyanide in top temperatures.8 Acclimated in aggressive applications.
Addition of bromine monochloride can addition the voltage to 3.9 V and access activity density.9
Li-(CF)x ("BR") Carbon monofluoride Lithium tetrafluoroborate in propylene carbonate, dimethoxyethane, and/or gamma-butyrolactone 2.8 V 3.1 V 360 680
Cathode actual formed by high-temperature intercalation of fluorine gas into graphite powder. Top activity body (250 Wh/kg), 7 year shelf life. Acclimated for low to abstinent accepted applications in anamnesis and alarm advancement batteries. Very acceptable assurance record. Acclimated in aerospace applications, able for amplitude back 1976. Acclimated in aggressive applications both earthbound and marine, and in missiles. Also acclimated in cardiac pacemakers.10 Best temperature 85 °C. Very low self-discharge (<0.5%/year at 60 °C, <1%/yr at 85 °C). Developed in 1970s by Matsushita.11
Li-I2 Iodine solid amoebic allegation alteration circuitous (poly-2-vinylpyridine, P2VP) 2.8 V 3.1 V
Solid electrolyte. Very top reliability. Acclimated in medical applications. Does not accomplish gas even beneath abbreviate circuit. Solid-state chemistry, bound circumlocute current, acceptable alone for low-current applications. Terminal voltage decreases with amount of acquittal due to precipitation of lithium iodide. Low self-discharge.
Li-Ag2CrO4 Silver chromate Lithium perchlorate band-aid 3.1/2.6 V 3.45 V
Very top reliability. Has a 2.6 V plateau afterwards extensive assertive allotment of discharge, provides aboriginal admonishing of approaching discharge. Developed accurately for medical applications, for example, built-in pacemakers.
Li-Ag2V4O11, Li-SVO, Li-CSVO Silver oxide+vanadium pentoxide (SVO) lithium hexafluorophosphate or lithium hexafluoroarsenate in propylene carbonate with dimethoxyethane
Used in medical applications, like implantable defibrillators, neurostimulators, and biologic beverage systems. Also projected for use in added electronics, such as emergency locator transmitters. Top activity density. Continued shelf life. Capable of connected operation at nominal temperature of 37 °C.12 Two-stage acquittal with a plateau. Output voltage abbreviating proportionally to the amount of discharge. Aggressive to abuse.
Addition of copper(II) oxide to the cathode actual after-effects in the Li-CSVO variant.
Li-CuO Copper(II) oxide Lithium Perchlorate attenuated in Dioxolane 1.5 V 2.4 V
Can accomplish up to 150 °C. Developed as a advancement of zinc-carbon and acrid batteries. "Voltage up" problem, top aberration amid open-circuit and nominal voltage. Produced until mid-1990s, replaced by lithium-iron sulfide. Accepted use limited.
Li-Cu4O(PO4)2 Copper oxyphosphate
See Li-CuO
Li-CuS Copper sulfide 1.5 V
Li-PbCuS Lead sulfide and chestnut sulfide 1.5 V 2.2 V
Li-FeS Iron sulfide Propylene carbonate, dioxolane, dimethoxyethane 1.5-1.2 V
"Lithium-iron", "Li/Fe". acclimated as a advancement for acrid batteries. See lithium — adamant disulfide.
Li-FeS2 Iron disulfide Propylene carbonate, dioxolane, dimethoxyethane 1.6-1.4 V 1.8 V 297
"Lithium-iron", "Li/Fe". Acclimated in Energizer lithium beef as a advancement for acrid zinc-manganese chemistry. Called "voltage-compatible" lithiums. 2.5 times college lifetime for top accepted acquittal administration than acrid batteries, bigger accumulator activity due to lower self-discharge, 10 years accumulator time. FeS2 is cheap. Cathode generally advised as a adhesive of adamant sulfide crumb alloyed with delicate graphite. Alternative is Li-CuFeS2.
Li-FePO4 3.3 V 90–110
Rechargeable. See Lithium adamant phosphate battery.
Li-Bi2Pb2O5 Lead bismuthate 1.5 V 1.8 V
Replacement of silver-oxide batteries, with college activity density, lower addiction to leak, and bigger achievement at college temperatures.
Li-Bi2O3 Bismuth trioxide 1.5 V 2.04 V
Li-V2O5 Vanadium pentoxide 3.3/2.4 V 3.4 V 120/260 300/660
Two acquittal plateaus. Low-pressure. Rechargeable. Acclimated in assets batteries.
Li-CoO2 Cobalt dioxide
Li-CuCl2 Copper chloride
Rechargeable.
Li/Al-MnO2 Manganese dioxide
Rechargeable.
Li/Al-V2O5 Vanadium pentoxide
Rechargeable.
Li-ion carbon liquid 3.6-3.7 V
Rechargeable. See lithium ion battery.
Li-poly polymer solid 3.7 V
Rechargeable. See lithium ion polymer battery.
Li–air porous carbon organic, aqueous, glass-ceramic (polymer-ceramic composites)
Rechargeable. See Lithium–air battery.
The aqueous amoebic electrolyte is a band-aid of an ion-forming asleep lithium admixture in a admixture of a high-permittivity bread-and-butter (propylene carbonate) and a low-viscosity bread-and-butter (dimethoxyethane).
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